Published: 20 December 2025
Volume 4Timely diagnosis and treatment delays among tuberculosis (TB) patients remain among the major challenges for controlling and eradicating the disease globally. Delayed health-seeking behavior among TB patients may either contribute to undetected and untreated TB cases or lead to poor treatment outcomes when patients are eventually diagnosed. Managing these delayed TB consultations becomes even more challenging in lower-middle-income countries (such as Pakistan), where TB incidence and transmission rates are high, but limited evidence is available on patient and health system delays in seeking and initiating TB treatment. This study aimed to assess the time delays of patients attending pharmacies managed by TB referral initiatives in Pakistan. A case detection approach utilizing a public‒private-mix (PPM) partnership was developed and fully protocolized for use; this approach involved participation in pharmacies to assess and provide a formal written referral to patients presenting with symptoms indicative of TB. Ranges of pharmacy referral implementation delay as well as diagnostic and treatment delay of TB patients were defined. Among the 500 pharmacies trained in PPM partnerships, 427 (85%) were active in providing referrals. The median pharmacy referral implementation delay was found to be 46 days. Among the 547 TB cases identified through the community pharmacy-referral network, the median diagnostic delay and treatment delay were found to be 4 days and 1 day, respectively. Time delays among TB patients diagnosed through the community pharmacy referral network in Pakistan were relatively low for diagnosis and treatment; however, delays related to the implementation of pharmacy referrals were at times longer than those reported in local, regional, and global settings.