Dr. Faheem Shahzad is a seasoned academic and researcher with over 12 years of professional experience in immunology, microbiology, and biosafety sciences. He currently holds the position of Deputy Registrar (Academics) and Senior Lecturer at the University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Dr. Shahzad earned his PhD in Immunology and Microbiology from the same institution, with his doctoral research focusing on genetic variations and immune response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, particularly in the context of drug resistance. Dr. Shahzad has authored more than 43 peer-reviewed publications, contributing to both national and international journals, with a cumulative impact factor exceeding 45. His scholarly work spans a broad range of biomedical research areas, including host-pathogen interactions, molecular diagnostics, autoimmune markers, immunogenetics, and public health biosafety. He has also served as a co-researcher on several funded projects under the Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, covering immunovirology, colorectal cancer biomarkers, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. An IFBA-certified professional in biosafety and biosecurity, Dr. Shahzad holds five international certifications and has actively promoted laboratory safety standards in low-resource settings. He has organized and facilitated more than 50 national training workshops and symposia in collaboration with international organizations, including the American Society for Microbiology and Health Security Partners. His efforts have directly contributed to the training of over 5,000 early-career scientists and healthcare professionals in Pakistan. Dr. Shahzad’s editorial experience includes serving as Editor and Editorial Board Member several journals. His editorial contributions are underpinned by a strong commitment to academic integrity, peer review quality, and the promotion of rigorous scientific discourse. His research interests encompass immunology, virology, molecular diagnostics, antimicrobial resistance, biorisk management, and laboratory technologies. Dr. Shahzad continues to contribute to the scientific community through research mentorship, academic leadership, and editorial excellence.

Dr. Abid Hussain is an accomplished immunologist and molecular biologist, currently serving as a tenure-track researcher at the National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). With a PhD in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics from the University of the Punjab, Pakistan, Dr. Hussain brings over a decade of experience in experimental immunology, allergen characterization, and molecular diagnostics. His research focuses on the mechanistic understanding of food and aeroallergen-induced immune disorders. His technical expertise spans nanobody engineering, antigen-antibody interaction mapping, epitope characterization, and high-throughput immune assays. Dr. Hussain is recognized for his work in allergen discovery, with notable contributions such as the identification of Bro p 3, a novel lipid transfer protein allergen, recently accepted by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee. He has held academic and research appointments at leading institutions, including Aarhus University (Denmark), University of Okara, Riphah International University, and University of Lahore. His cross-continental collaborations include work with researchers in Pakistan, Denmark, the USA, and Australia. Dr. Hussain has published multiple peer-reviewed articles and authored multiple book chapters. His work has appeared in journals such as Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, Pakistan Journal of Zoology, and Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. He has also secured competitive university research grants in immunogenetics and host-pathogen interactions and has supervised numerous undergraduate and graduate theses in allied health sciences. His affiliations include the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and Pakistan Biological Safety Association (PBSA). His research impact is reflected in an h-index of 7 and a growing citation profile.

Dr. Faizan Rashid is a biomedical researcher specializing in molecular and cell biology, microbiology, toxicology, and developmental biology. Currently pursuing his PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), his research investigates cofilin-dependent actin dynamics during heat stress in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, integrating live imaging, bioinformatics, and gene expression analysis to understand developmental stress responses. Faizan also has prior research experience in host-microbiome-toxicology interactions, having contributed to studies on gut-liver axis disruption by PFAS compounds. His work in this area involved integrative omics approaches, including microbiome profiling, metabolomics, RNA-Seq, and epigenetic analysis, with implications for environmental health and metabolic disease. His scholarly output includes multiple peer-reviewed publications in journals such as Toxics, Environmental Epigenetics, and Toxicology Reports, as well as presentations at prestigious conferences including ASM Microbe, ACT Annual Meeting, and the Midwest Society for Developmental Biology. He is the recipient of several academic and travel awards from organizations including the American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Toxicology, and Health Security Partners. Faizan has over three years of experience in teaching and mentoring undergraduate students at UIUC, having served as a teaching assistant in experimental molecular biology courses and as a lecturer at the University of Haripur. His commitment to biosafety is reflected in his work as a certified biosafety trainer and his participation in multiple national and international health security workshops. His broad subject interests include microbiology, genetics/epigenetics, environmental toxicology, developmental biology, and One Health. Faizan’s interdisciplinary training and global perspective enable him to contribute effectively to the peer review of manuscripts across diverse biomedical disciplines.

Mr. Waqas Latif is an accomplished biostatistician and academic with over a decade of experience in public health analytics, clinical research, and medical education. He currently serves in the Quality Enhancement Cell (QEC) at the University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, where he is actively involved in data analysis, curriculum evaluation, research design, and institutional review processes. He holds an MPhil in Statistics from the University of Sargodha and an MSc in Biostatistics from the University of the Punjab. His academic training and professional career focus on the application of advanced statistical methodologies to biomedical research, with expertise in SPSS, STATA, AMOS, GraphPad Prism, and EndNote. Mr. Latif has contributed to over 60 peer-reviewed publications, including studies on cardiovascular disease, infectious diseases, maternal health, and medical education. His work has appeared in journals such as Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, Biomedica, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, and Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases. He has collaborated on multi-author research projects addressing clinical trials, quality of care, surgical outcomes, and epidemiological modeling. In addition to his analytical roles, Mr. Latif has over 10 years of teaching experience in biostatistics and research methodology at UHS and other institutions. He has delivered numerous workshops and seminars on statistical software, medical writing, and research ethics, and has facilitated training programs in collaboration with HEC, PAME, and PNQAHEE. He also serves on multiple institutional committees, including the Clinical Studies Committee of DRAP, Institutional Review Board (IRB), Synopsis Review Committees, and the Advanced Studies & Research Board at UHS. He has completed professional certifications in statistics, research methods, and scientific writing from Stanford University, the University of Amsterdam, and Coursera. His subject interests include applied biostatistics, research methods, epidemiological modeling, health data quality assurance, and evidence-based healthcare improvement.

Dr. Samreen Sarwar is an internationally recognized microbiologist and biosafety expert with over a decade of experience in health security, antimicrobial resistance, infection prevention, and responsible research practices. She currently serves as Senior Technical Advisor at Health Security Partners (HSP), USA, where she leads high-impact global initiatives in biorisk management, institutional biosafety system development, and research integrity. Dr. Sarwar holds a PhD in Microbiology from the University of Health Sciences, Lahore, with previous distinctions as a Gold Medalist in both M.Sc. Microbiology and M.Phil. Molecular Biology. She is one of the very few professionals globally to have earned all seven certifications from the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (IFBA), covering biorisk management, biological waste management, biocontainment, biosecurity, cyberbiosecurity, risk assessment, and biosafety cabinet safety. Her publication record includes over 15 peer-reviewed articles in internationally indexed journals such as Frontiers in Public Health, American Journal of Infection Control, Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, and Applied Biosafety. Her research interests span biosafety system implementation, dual-use research of concern (DURC), laboratory-acquired infections, and disinfectant resistance in healthcare-associated pathogens. Dr. Sarwar is a globally engaged biosafety educator and mentor, having conducted and facilitated over 100 workshops and fellowship programs across Asia, including training for IFBA certification preparatory courses. She has contributed to the development of key technical manuals and national guidelines in Pakistan and has served as an IFBA Global Mentor, a Master Trainer for the Pakistan Biological Safety Association (PBSA), and a safety reviewer for iGEM synthetic biology competitions. She has been a speaker at leading global conferences including those of ABSA, A-PBA, and IFBA, and is a member of numerous national and international organizations such as the American Society for Microbiology, PBSA, and the International Federation of Biosafety Associations. Her work continues to strengthen biosafety cultures, institutional resilience, and global capacity in health security.

Mr. Noman Bashir is a veterinary scientist and global health security practitioner with a strong interdisciplinary background in livestock health, biosecurity, and zoonotic disease control. He holds a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree from Bahauddin Zakariya University and an M.Sc. (Hons) in Livestock Management from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, where his research utilized Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies to optimize feeding behavior and production in Sahiwal cattle. Mr. Bashir is an IFBA-certified professional in Biosecurity and Biorisk Management, with additional training in Biological Waste Management. He has received international fellowships and certifications from the Health Security Partners (USA), the International Student One Health Alliance, and the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (IFBA), and has served as a Health Security Futures Fellow for a One Health project on zoonotic risk mitigation in rural Punjab. He currently leads both clinical and production-level veterinary services in Pakistan, offering consulting in animal disease management, reproductive health, and feed production strategies. His clinical expertise is complemented by experience in biosecurity auditing, outbreak investigation, and antimicrobial stewardship. He is also engaged in capacity building and has trained farmers, veterinary professionals, and rural health workers in biosafety protocols, herd health optimization, and responsible life sciences research. His scholarly contributions include co-authorship in peer-reviewed articles on tuberculosis immunogenetics and host-pathogen interactions, published in Genes & Immunity and Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. Mr. Bashir is a member of several global research and biosafety networks, including the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID), and One Health Social Sciences Working Groups. His areas of interest include One Health, infectious disease surveillance, zoonotic disease control, veterinary epidemiology, and applied biorisk management in both laboratory and field settings. He brings a field-driven perspective to the editorial board, particularly valuable for bridging academic research with practical applications in public health and animal sciences.

Dr. Judith Chukwuebinim Okolo is an accomplished biosafety, biosecurity, and food safety specialist with over a decade of strategic and technical leadership across national, regional, and international platforms. She currently serves as Assistant Chief Research Officer in the Biosafety and Risk Management Unit at the National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency (NBRDA), Nigeria. She holds a PhD in Food Science and Technology from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria, and is internationally certified in biorisk management and assessment by the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (IFBA). Dr. Okolo is also a Certified Food Scientist and Nutritionist (CFSN) and a fellow of the Emerging Leaders in Biosecurity Initiative (ELBI) at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Her research spans biosafety systems, environmental and food microbiology, biosecurity policy, and One Health. She has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals and contributed to global guidance documents, book chapters, and policy frameworks, including the National Biosafety and Biosecurity Handbook for Students in Nigeria and contributions to the 2023 UNIDIR-UNODA-WHO Biorisks and Biosecurity Conference Report. Dr. Okolo has served in multiple technical advisory roles for the World Health Organization (WHO), including as a member of the Joint External Evaluation (JEE) Roster of Experts and the Health Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG). She has also led capacity-building programs on biosecurity risk assessment, biosafety in high-containment laboratories, and responsible conduct of science in Africa and beyond. Her affiliations include membership in the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA), Canadian Biosafety Association, African Society for Laboratory Medicine, and the Global Health Security Network. As a regional leader in biosafety education, she actively mentors early-career scientists and supports global partnerships for mitigating biological threats, with a strong focus on equity, policy translation, and resilience.

Dr. Muhammad Imran is a seasoned academic, clinical researcher, and health science educator with over two decades of professional experience in medical laboratory technology, clinical biochemistry, and allied health sciences. He currently serves as Director of the Institute of Medical Technology at Jinnah Sindh Medical University, where he leads academic planning, institutional administration, and postgraduate research supervision. Dr. Imran holds a PhD in Medical Technology from the University of Karachi, with his doctoral research focused on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. He also holds an MSc in Medical Technology with research on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. His career trajectory reflects a blend of clinical expertise, research proficiency, and administrative acumen, with prior appointments at Dow University of Health Sciences, Ziauddin University, and SIUT. His publication portfolio comprises more than 40 peer-reviewed articles in national and international journals, covering a range of topics including cardiovascular epidemiology, metabolic disorders, antimicrobial resistance, public health surveillance, and transfusion medicine. He has presented research at major international forums, including the AATS Mitral Conclave in the USA, DDG Conference in Germany, and scientific meetings in New Zealand and Pakistan. Dr. Imran has also contributed to blood bank advancements across the Sindh province in his role as Technical Advisor to the Central Blood Bank Facility. He actively mentors postgraduate students and is a member of multiple academic boards and professional societies, including the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), the Medical Laboratory Technologists Association of Pakistan (MLTAP), and the Advisory Committee of Medical Technology at Bahria University. As a recognized academic leader, his research and policy interests include non-communicable disease prevention, infectious disease diagnostics, medical technology innovation, and evidence-based public health interventions.

Dr. Muhammad Kashif is a distinguished academic and clinician with over a decade of experience in oral and maxillofacial pathology, oncology, and dental education. He currently serves as Professor and Head of the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology at Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College (BAMDC), where he also holds leadership roles in curriculum development and institutional research governance. Dr. Kashif earned his PhD and MPhil in Oral Pathology from the University of Health Sciences, Lahore, and holds the Membership of the Faculty of Dental Surgery (MFDS) from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. He has previously served in teaching and clinical roles at prominent institutions including Punjab Medical University, Faisalabad. His research portfolio focuses on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), cancer stem cell markers, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, and molecular pathology. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles in high-impact journals, including JCO Global Oncology, Experimental Biology and Medicine, Journal of Medical Virology, and F1000Research. His recent works are indexed in SCOPUS Q1 and Q2 journals and highlight his expertise in PCR, flow cytometry, DNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and phylogenetic analysis. In addition to his academic and clinical work, Dr. Kashif has served as Secretary of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at BAMDC, contributing to research ethics and oversight. He is actively engaged with professional societies including the Pakistan Medical & Dental Council (PMDC), European Association for Cancer Research (EACR), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).

Nashrah Noor Shah is an accomplished occupational health and safety leader with over a decade of progressive experience in environmental health, biosafety, and regulatory compliance across the pharmaceutical, manufacturing, and public transportation sectors. She currently serves as Associate Director of Health, Safety & Environment at Eli Lilly, where she oversees HSE systems and biosafety programs at a major pharmaceutical manufacturing site. Ms. Shah holds a Master of Science in Occupational Safety and Health Engineering from the New Jersey Institute of Technology and a Bachelor of Science in Public Health (Environmental Health) from West Chester University. She is a Board-Certified Safety Professional (CSP) and a recognized subject matter expert in biosafety, laboratory safety, industrial hygiene, and environmental compliance. Her career includes pivotal HSE leadership roles at Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, and the New York City Transit Authority. At these institutions, she has successfully managed risk mitigation programs, led biosafety initiatives, developed EHS compliance strategies, and championed safety culture across high-risk environments. She also served as the designated Biosafety Officer for advanced cell and gene therapy operations and led CDC audit preparedness for GMP manufacturing facilities. Her subject interests include biosafety, public health policy, occupational health, One Health integration, and sustainable environmental systems. As an editorial board member, she brings industry-driven insight, a systems-level safety perspective, and deep commitment to interdisciplinary global health advancement.

Dr. Shamsul Arfin Qasmi is a seasoned academician, pathologist, and biosafety expert with over 35 years of experience in medical education, research, and public health laboratory systems. He has served in senior academic and administrative leadership roles at several medical institutions in Pakistan, most notably as Principal and Head of the Department of Pathology/Microbiology at Bahawalpur Medical & Dental College. Dr. Qasmi holds a PhD in Microbiology from the University of Karachi and is a Registered Biosafety Professional (RBP, USA), CBSP (ABSA, USA), and a multi-certified professional through the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (IFBA). His certifications span biorisk management, biological waste management, biocontainment facility design and maintenance, biosafety cabinet safety, and biosecurity. With multiple peer-reviewed publications in journals including Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, Frontiers in Public Health, Health Security, and Applied Biosafety, his research focuses on biorisk systems, infection prevention, dual-use research of concern (DURC), and antimicrobial resistance. He has also co-authored national manuals and policy frameworks, including Pakistan’s first DURC training guide and contributions to the Handbook for Good Clinical Laboratory Practices. As a technical expert, Dr. Qasmi has led multiple national and international collaborations with organizations such as Health Security Partners (USA), Georgetown University, ANSER (USA), and the Pakistan Biological Safety Association. He has been instrumental in designing and delivering biosafety capacity-building programs, writing laboratory biosafety manuals, and training over a thousand professionals across Pakistan, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Dr. Qasmi currently serves as a Consultant at Health Security Partners, where he provides subject matter expertise on biosafety, infection control, and laboratory system strengthening. He is a founding member of Pakistan’s biosafety movement and has served as General Secretary of the Pakistan Biological Safety Association, National Representative to the Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (A-PBA), and member of the International Engagement Committee of ABSA International. Through his commitment to research, education, and policy reform, Dr. Qasmi continues to contribute significantly to advancing laboratory safety, ethical research practices, and global health security.

Prof. Dr. Syed Asadullah Arslan is a seasoned academician, clinician, and researcher with over 15 years of professional experience in physiotherapy, rehabilitation sciences, and medical education. He currently serves as Dean at the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences. He previously held key academic positions at Riphah International University, University of Health Sciences Lahore, and the University of Lahore. Dr. Arslan earned his PhD and MS in Physiotherapy from Tehran University of Medical Sciences and is an HEC-approved PhD supervisor in Medical Sciences. His scholarly expertise encompasses musculoskeletal rehabilitation, ergonomics, neurological disorders, and occupational health. His research has been published in over 40 peer-reviewed journals, including Cureus, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, BMC Cancer, and South African Journal of Physiotherapy. In addition to his academic leadership, Dr. Arslan is an advocate for interdisciplinary healthcare research and evidence-based practice. He has led the development and accreditation of postgraduate physiotherapy programs, supervised numerous doctoral and postgraduate research projects, and served on multiple academic boards and national advisory committees. He is also recognized for his contributions to public health education through health journalism and television appearances, having conducted nearly 300 awareness programs with Sahar TV. His subject interests include physical therapy, occupational health and safety, work ergonomics, rehabilitation technologies, and public health promotion. Dr. Arslan brings a forward-thinking, research-driven approach to editorial responsibilities, with a strong commitment to advancing global health, education, and sustainable rehabilitation practices.

Dr. Viji Vijayan is an internationally recognized expert in biorisk management and biosecurity with over three decades of experience spanning academia, research operations, laboratory safety, and international health security. She currently serves as Director at Praxis Biorisk Systems, Singapore, where she provides strategic consulting in biosafety and biosecurity, laboratory certification, systems auditing, and capacity building across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Dr. Vijayan previously held senior academic and administrative leadership roles for over 15 years at Duke-NUS Medical School, overseeing Safety, Health and Emergency Management, Research Operations, Research Integrity, and high-containment animal research facilities. She has also served as the President of the Biorisk Association of Singapore (2014–2017), Vice-President of the Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (2018–2021), and member of the Board of Directors of the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (2017–2023). She is the first lifetime international member of the Biorisk Association of the Philippines. Her academic credentials include an MBBS, MSc, MD, and an MSc in Human Factors and System Safety from Lund University, Sweden. She is a Registered Biosafety Professional (ABSA), an IFBA-certified expert in biorisk management and risk assessment, and a certified Lead Auditor for ISO 45001:2018. Her professional qualifications are complemented by an Advanced Certificate in Training and Assessment (ACTA), underscoring her commitment to adult education and workforce development. Dr. Vijayan has led or facilitated more than 50 regional and international training programs and policy workshops on biorisk management, biosecurity threat mitigation, dual-use research, cyberbiosecurity, and high-containment laboratory safety. She is a contributing expert for organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO), Health Security Partners (USA), Gryphon Scientific, SciLore LLC, the European Union CBRN Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence, and World BioHazTec. Her publication record includes peer-reviewed articles in Applied Biosafety, Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, and Biopreservation and Biobanking. She is also an active peer reviewer for journals such as MDPI’s International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Healthcare, and Journal of Health Sciences. Dr. Vijayan’s ongoing research focuses on the development of sustainable biorisk frameworks, cyberbiosecurity in high-containment laboratories, and the implementation of rapid response mobile laboratories. Through her scientific, regulatory, and operational expertise, she continues to play a pivotal role in advancing global biosafety standards and shaping the discourse on health security and responsible life sciences research.

Dr. Muhammad Umer Aslam is a qualified dental surgeon and academician with a focus on oral and maxillofacial care, public health, and interdisciplinary approaches in dental education. He holds a Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and a postgraduate M.Phil. in a dental specialization from the University of Health Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. He currently serves as an Assistant Professor and is also actively engaged in clinical dentistry in Canada. With over five years of professional experience, Dr. Aslam has developed expertise in managing complex dental conditions including periodontal disease, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and orthodontic cases. His clinical competencies include root canal therapy, surgical extractions, impactions, ultrasonic scaling, crown and bridge preparation, and denture prosthetics. He is particularly known for his empathetic patient care and his ability to manage dental anxiety in diverse populations. Dr. Aslam is passionate about contributing to academic discourse in dentistry and public health. His subject interests include oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, dental education, and public health promotion. He is keen to contribute to the editorial processes of peer-reviewed journals by supporting high-quality research dissemination in dentistry and allied health sciences.

Dr. Muhammad Waqas Usman is an accomplished cancer biologist and translational researcher with a specialized focus in gene therapy, extracellular vesicle-mediated drug delivery, and molecular diagnostics. He currently serves as Associate Director of Discovery Research and Development at Carmine Therapeutics, a global biotechnology company based in Singapore and the United States. Dr. Usman earned his PhD in Cancer Biology from the City University of Hong Kong and holds an MS in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from Dalian Medical University, China. He completed his undergraduate studies in Medical Laboratory Technology at the University of Karachi, Pakistan. A leader in non-viral delivery systems, Dr. Usman is internationally recognized for his research on red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBCEVs) for RNA and DNA delivery. His innovative work has laid the scientific foundation for Carmine Therapeutics, contributing to strategic collaborations with major pharmaceutical companies such as Takeda and recognition by Bristol-Myers Squibb. His research has been published in high-impact journals including Nature Communications, Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Cell Proliferation, and Cell Death & Disease. He has co-invented several patents on RBCEV-based gene delivery and surface modification techniques. His academic citations exceed 500, underscoring his significant impact on the field of precision drug delivery and therapeutic innovation. Dr. Usman has served in academic and clinical roles at City University of Hong Kong, the Aga Khan University Hospital, and the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation. He has also received multiple awards including the South Asian Triple Helix Innovation Award, the Best Student Presentation Award at the Australian EV Conference, and numerous accolades for poster presentations in global symposia. His subject interests include cancer biology, gene and RNA therapeutics, nanomedicine, drug delivery vectors, and translational medicine. Through his editorial board role, he brings deep scientific insight and a translational perspective to the review of cutting-edge biomedical research.